From: Mark Davis 
To: NAMN 
Subject: NAMN Notes: December 2002
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 2002 22:22:19 -0500


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NAMN Notes:  December 2002
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Introduction:

NAMN Notes is a monthly newsletter produced by the North American
Meteor Network, and is available both via email, and on the NAMN website at:
http://www.namnmeteors.org


Contents:

1.  Geminids - The Final Highlight of the Year...
2.  Other December Showers...
3.  Heads up for New Years...
4.  Christmas Gift Ideas for Meteor Observers...
5.  Upcoming Meetings...
6.  For more info...


1.  Geminids - The Final Highlight of the Year...

The Geminid meteor shower is the final highlight of our meteor year! 
The rates are good, the meteors are bright, and the nights are long. 
It's a great shower for all observers, and especially for new observers who
have joined us since Leonid time.  The International Meteor Organization
(IMO) refers to the Geminids as 'one of the finest annual showers presently
observable'.

The Geminids (GEM) reach a maximum on December 14th, probably about
10h UT, according to comments in the 2002 IMO Meteor Shower Calendar.  For
eastern North American observers, this means 5 a.m. EST.  Hence the
best 'night' to watch is the evening of the 13th and the morning of the
14th. The shower lasts from about December 7th to 17th.  According to the IMO,
'well north of the equator, the Geminid radiant rises around sunset, and is
at a usable elevation from the local evening hours onwards. In the
southern hemisphere, the radiant appears only around local midnight or so'. 
For those interested in trying observations of this shower
telescopically, the fainter meteors should peak about a day before the 
regular peak.  For those who (heaven forbid) might be clouded out on the 
13/14th, good meteor rates can also be seen before and after that night.

The Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) for the Geminids is about 120 meteors
per hour with the unaided eye.  This is the number of meteors that an
observer would expect to see if they were out under a dark country sky, and if
the radiant, the area in the sky where the meteors seem to come from, is
directly overhead.  Geminid meteors tend to be fairly bright, with many
about the magnitude of the stars in the Big Dipper - and many leave
trains behind them.  They are very impressive meteors, and a delight
to observe, in spite of the winter cold for many observers.

The radiant for the Geminid meteors at maximum is at 112 degrees, ie.
RA 07h 28.2m, Dec +33, which is close to the bright star Castor in the
constellation of Gemini the Twins. These meteors are of medium velocity at 
about 35 km per second.  For a map showing the movement of the radiant over 
time, check out http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal02.html#Geminids


The parent body of the Geminids is the asteroid 3200 Phaethon.	This
was announced by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1983, and
was the first time that an asteroid, as opposed to a comet, had been
linked to a meteor shower.  Some investigators say that Phaethon is the
largest remnant of the parent of the Geminid stream, and that it is still
unclear as to what the true 'parent' is.

Reports of the Geminid shower go back only to the 19th century, although
it is believed that activity goes back much further.  The IMO states
that 'the first indications of the Geminid meteor shower were published by
the early Belgian meteor researcher Quetelet (1841, 1861), who mentioned
high meteor activity on 1830 December 12-13 at Heiligenstadt (Germany),
from where 40 fireballs were reported'.

December's Geminids are the last major shower of the year - so bundle
up and get out to observe!


2.  Other December Showers...

There are a number of lesser showers visible in December as well.  To help
you in seeing where all these will come from, print off a set of our
NAMN star charts from http://www.namnmeteors.org/charts.html and
use them to mark the various shower radiants on.

The chi Orionids (XOR) reach a weak maximum about December 2nd, with a
radiant at 082 degrees, ie. RA 05h 28.2m, Dec +23, which is about 5
degrees south of Beta Tauri.  They can be seen until about December 15th.
ZHR rates are low, only about 3 meteors per hour at maximum.  They are slow,
with a velocity of about 28 km per second. The chi Orionids are
considered to be possibly a continuation of the ecliptic activity after the
Taurids are no longer active.  This shower has occasional fireballs.  A map
showing the movement of the radiant up to December 15th can be found at
http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal02.html#chi-Orionids


The Phoenicids (PHO) reach a maximum on December 6th at 14.20 UT,
ie. 9.20 a.m. EST on the morning of the 6th.  The radiant is at 018
degrees, ie. RA 1h 12m, Dec -53, which is roughly 35 degrees down to the
left of beta Cetus - so this is a shower for more southerly observers.  
A map showing the radiant position can be found at:
 http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal02.html#Phoenicids.  
These meteors can be seen until about December 9th.	ZHR rates are variable, 
usually only about 3 meteors per hour or less - but they did reach about 
100 meteors per hour back in 1956.  These are very slow meteors, with a 
velocity of about 18 km per second.

Also for southern observers, the Puppid-Velids (PUP) reach a maximum about
December 7th, with a radiant at 123 degrees, ie. RA 08h 12m, Dec -45,
which is about 17 degrees down to the left of the star eta Canis
Major. The IMO states that 'the activity is so badly-known, we can only be
reasonably sure that the highest rates occur in early to mid December...
most Puppid-Velid meteors are quite faint, but occasional bright
fireballs, notably around the suggested maximum here, have been reported'.
These are average velocity meteors, at about 40 km per second, with a
ZHR rate of about 10 meteors per hour.  They can be seen until about the
15th.

The Monocerotids (MON) reach a maximum about December 9th, with a radiant
at 100 degrees, ie. RA 06h 40.2m, Dec +08, which is just south of the
left foot of Gemini.  These meteors are visible until about December 17th.
ZHR rates at maximum are low, about 3 meteors per hour.  Monocerotids are
average velocity, at about 42 km per second.  Apparently telescopic results
suggest a later maximum, around December 16th.	Observations are
encouraged. A map of the radiant is at 
http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal02.html#Geminids.

According to recent studies, this shower could be the source of many of
the spectacular fireballs of the eleventh century.  Many of these are
documented in the writings of Ma Touan-lin, a historian of the
pre-Mongolian era, who collected observations of over 1,500 fireballs 
going back over 24 centuries!

The sigma Hydrids (HYD) reach a maximum on December 12th, with a radiant
at 127 degrees, ie. RA 08h 28.2m, Dec +02, off to the left of Procyon
in Canis Minor, south of the little circlet of stars at the top of
Hydra.	They can be seen from about December 3rd to 15th.  These are fast 
meteors, with a velocity of about 58 km per second.  ZHR rates are about 
2 meteors per hour. Plotting is encouraged - as the maximum may occur up 
to 6 days earlier than thought.  A map showing the radiant movement can be 
found at http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal02.html#sigma-Hydrids.


The Coma Berenicids (COM) have a maximum on December 20th, with a radiant
at 175 degrees, ie. RA 11h 40.2m, Dec +25, which is about 10 degrees north
of the bright star Denebola in the triangle of Leo.  They can be seen from
about December 12th until January 23rd.  ZHR rates at maximum are about 5
meteors per hour.  These are fast meteors, with a velocity of about 65 km
per second.  This shower is quite possibly associated with Comet Lowe,
1913 I, discovered by an amateur astronomer in south Australia.

Lastly, the Ursids (URS) reach a maximum on December 22nd, with a radiant
at 217 degrees, ie. RA 14h 28.2m, Dec +76, which is just above the pointer
stars of Ursa Minor, the Little Dipper.  They can be seen from about
December 17th to 26th.  ZHR rates at maximum are about 10 meteors per
hour - quite respectable.  On occasion, this shower has surged up to about
50 meteors per hour, so is worth monitoring!  The Ursids are medium
velocity, at about 33 km per second, and tend to be faint.  The Ursids bear
an association with Comet Mechain, now called Comet Tuttle.  Pierre
Mechain of France discovered the comet on January 9, 1790, but there
were not enough observations of it to discover its periodic nature.  It was
recovered on January 5, 1858 by Horace Tuttle of Massachusetts, and
given his name instead.

For information on other minor showers visible, check out Gary Kronk's
'Comets and Meteor Showers' website at http://comets.amsmeteors.org

Besides recognized main showers and other minor showers, there is also
sporadic meteor activity in December.  This sporadic activity is about 7
meteors per hour visible to the unaided eye.  This activity is comprised
partly of random meteors and partly of meteors that belong to
long-ago, now untraceable showers.

This month, the phases of the moon are as follows:
Wed.  Dec.   4   new moon
Wed.  Dec. 11  first quarter
Thurs. Dec. 19  full moon
Fri.     Dec. 27  last quarter

Planets at midmonth are:
Venus      -4.6  low in east in morning
Jupiter     -2.4  in Leo
Mercury  -0.6  low in southwest in evening
Saturn     -0.5  in Taurus
Mars        1.7  in Virgo/Libra in morning sky

A star map showing the planets' positions can be printed off from
http://www.heavens-above.com - Select your location, then go to
'Whole Sky Chart'.  On December 6th, Venus and Mars will be very close
together.  On December 30th, Venus, Mars and the moon will be close,
with an occultation of Mars in NE Asia except NE Siberia, and in Japan
except for the southern tip.

For recording sheets for your meteors, go to
http://www.namnmeteors.org/namn_form.html
and for an email template to use in typing out your observations:
http://www.namnmeteors.org/appendixC.html

For charts to use in estimating your limiting magnitude, go to
http://www.imo.net/visual/major01.html#table2

For information on what to record for visual observing, check out our
NAMN Observing Guide at:  http://www.namnmeteors.org/guide.html

And - if you have any questions on observing, drop a note to our NAMN
Coordinator at meteors@comcast.net



3.  Heads Up for New Years...

The 2003 IMO Meteor Shower Calendar is now available online at
http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal03.html.  You might want to print a copy
off and put it in a binder for details on meteor showers throughout
theyear.

Of special note at this busy time of year - and often forgotten over the
holidays - is the Quadrantid meteor shower.

The Quadrantids (QUA) start to become active on New Years, January 1st,
and run until the 5th.	The maximum is on January 4th at about 0h UT, which
is 7 p.m. EST on January 3rd for eastern North American observers.  The IMO,
in their introduction to the 2003 Calendar, states that this year 'sees two
of the 'big three' major showers - the Perseids and Geminids - lost to
bright moonlight, but the third, the Quadrantids, are well-placed'.

ZHR rates for the Quads are variable.  They are usually stated as being
about 120 meteors per hour, but can vary between 60 and 200 per hour.
These are average velocity meteors, at about 41 km per second.	The radiant
is at 230 degrees, ie. RA 15h 19.8m, Dec +49, which is in northern Bootes.
A Map showing the radiant can be found at
http://www.imo.net/calendar/cal03.html#Quadrantids


The time of maximum activity is usually very brief, only several hours, so
is very weather-dependent.  However, as the fainter (telescopic) meteors
may reach a maximum up to 14 hours prior to the regular max, and the radio
meteors up to 9-12 hours after the regular max, all observations between
January 1st and 5th will be very valuable!


4.  Christmas Gift Ideas for Meteor Observers...

Looking for Christmas gift ideas for meteor observers?  Consider the
following...

Membership in the International Meteor Organization (IMO):
Includes a great bimonthly publication, very readable for the serious
amateur.  Send check or money order to Mr. Robert Lunsford, IMO
Secretary-General, 161 Vance Street, Chula Vista, CA 91910, U.S.A. with
The check or money order payable to "Mr. Robert Lunsford".  Cost:  $20 US
for regular membership, with newsletter by surface mail.  For more
information, check out http://www.imo.net  And - donations to the IMO to
help support meteor activities around the globe are also always welcome!

Books on meteors, meteorites, comets, and impacts:
... Meteors, by Neil Bone
... The Heavens on Fire - The Great Leonid Meteor Storms, by Mark
Littmann
... Rocks from Space, by O. Richard Norton
... Meteorites:  Their Impact on Science and History,
    ed. by Brigitte Zanda and Monica Rotaru
... The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites, by O. Richard Norton
... Comet Science - The Study of Remnants from the Birth of the Solar
    System, by Jacques Crovisier and Therese Encrenaz
... Rendezvous in Space - The Science of Comets,
    by John C. Brandt and Robert D. Chapman
... Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets, by Duncan Steel
... Target Earth, by Duncan Steel
... T.rex and the Crater of Doom, by Walter Alvarez

Books for kids:
... Let's Investigate Magical, Mysterious Meteorites,
    by Madelyn Wood Carlisle
... Asteroids - Invaders from Space, by Robert Kraske

Accessories for meteor observing:
... talking clock or watch, available at institutes for the blind
... pocket tape recorder for recording meteors
... pocket radio to keep you company while observing solo
... nice warm winter clothes for observing!


5. Upcoming Meetings...

For more information on upcoming astronomy meetings, see:
"International
Astronomy Meetings List" at http://cadcwww.hia.nrc.ca/meetings


6.  For more info...
NAMN email: namn@atmob.org

NAMN website: http://www.namnmeteors.org

Mark Davis, meteors@comcast.net

Goose Creek, South Carolina, USA
Coordinator, North American Meteor Network

Cathy Hall, chall@cyberus.ca

Metcalfe, Ontario, Canada
Co-author, NAMN Notes

Lew Gramer, dedalus@alum.mit.edu

Medford, Massachusetts, USA
Coordinator, Public Outreach
Owner/Moderator, 'MeteorObs'

Kevin Kilkenny, namnmeteorites@yahoo.com
 (new address)
Staten Island, New York, USA
Coordinator, Fireballs and Meteorites

Back issues of NAMN Notes can be found on-line at the NAMN website
and in the MeteorObs archives at:
http://www.meteorobs.org by selecting 'Browse
Archive by Month'

To subscribe to the meteor email list or to find out information on
our weekly chat sessions:
Contact Lew Gramer at: dedalus@alum.mit.edu


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Here's to 'Clear Skies' for December
and a 'Merry Christmas' to all...
December 2002 NAMN Notes
from Davis and Hall... :)
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